<p>The archaeological site Niederbieber is an important representative of the Federmesser culture. Dating to the end of the Pleistocene, the site is one of the most extensively excavated archaeological sites dating to the late Upper Palaeolithic. Finds and features are extraordinarily well preserved as the site was protected by fallout from the Laacher See volcanic eruption approximately 12,900 years ago. Comprehensive archaeological studies have provided a detailed view of activities and settlement dynamics of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the ice age.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The site is located in Germany&#39;s Middle Rhine region at the north-eastern edge of the Neuwied basin within Neuwied’s district Niederbieber.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery and history of research</h2><br>
<p>The site was discovered in 1980 during pumice mining conducted in the area. Volcanic pumice was deposited during a major eruption of the Laacher See volcano, which according to recent dating occurred approximately 12,900 years ago. Over the course of a few days the pumice deposits, measuring up to 40 metres in thickness near the crater, sealed-in the late glacial Allerød landscape of the Neuwied basin, thus preserving the archaeology. Evidence of the massive Laacher See volcano eruption, which most likely took place during spring/early summer,</p><br>
<p>At Niederbieber the pumice layer measured approximately 1m in thickness under which several scatters of burned and unburned artefacts were encountered. Extensive excavations of an area almost covering 1000m were conducted between 1981 and 1988 and again between 1996 and 1999 by MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution of the Romano-Germanic-Centralmuseum Mainz and the State Office for Preservation of Historical Monuments Coblence.</p><br>
<h2>Dating the site</h2><br>
<p>The human activities at Niederbieber have been dated by various approaches that have delivered matching results. The human occupations appear to predate the Laacher See volcanic eruption (12,900 years ago) by several years or decades.</p><br>
<p>The finds and features lie on top of a late-glacial surface, directly underneath the pumice deposits which provide a terminus ante quem for the human activities. The archaeology must therefore predate the volcanic eruption 12,900 years ago.</p><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating with bone samples from areas II and III have produced (calibrated) ages of up to 13,100 years.</p><br>
<p>The backed points from Niederbieber conform to the typologies known from the Allerød along the Middle Rhine and can thus be used as a relative-chronologic marker</p><br>
<h2>Notable finds and features</h2><br>
<p>An arrow shaft smoother made of red sandstone was discovered during the excavation of area II in 1981. The object is engraved (see below) and measures 71 × 34 × 22mm. Both in terms of function and artistic expression, the arrow smoother is one of the most superb finds from Niederbieber. Arrow shaft smoothers are characteristic tool types of the Federmesser culture. They were used in pairs and also serve as indirect evidence for the increasing reliance on bow and arrow. In the case of Niederbieber, the presence of the arrow smoother indicates manufacture or repair of hunting weapons.</p><br>
<p>The unusual decoration of the arrow smoother with a stylised woman figure of the Gönnersdorf type is a rare example of artistic expressions dating to this period. Stylistically the engraving is a continuation of the engravings of women known from the Magdalenian site Gönnersdorf (located about 15 km northwest of Niederbieber) and thus serves as example for the continuation of this particular tradition in the region.</p><br>
<p>The finds from Niederbieber are on display at MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution of the Romano-Germanic-Centralmuseum Mainz in Neuwied.</p><br>
<h2>Results of archaeological analyses</h2><br>
<p>The results of comprehensive studies have yielded detailed information about the life of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the Pleistocene as well as providing information about late glacial climate and the environment.</p><br>
<p>Faunal remains, including Elk, red deer, horse, wild boar and beaver indicate a moderate, wet, atlantic climate. Botanical remains of birch, willow, populus, spruce and pinesuggest an open forest landscape.</p><br>
<p>20 discrete finds concentrations in similar stratigraphic position were recorded at Niederbieber. These concentrations are made up of lithic tools, by-products of their manufacture as well as faunal remains. Using artefact analysis and GIS analyses of the find distributions, these concentrations are currently interpreted as ephemeral working areas of late glacial hunter-gatherer groups.</p><br>
<p>All find concentrations are spatially discrete units separated from one another, with decreasing find density towards the periphery of the excavated area. Spatial analyses show the recurrence of similar arrangements of these concentrations in respect to one another. At least two opposite concentrations are separated by an artefact-poor area. These artefact-poor areas are characterised by the presence burned bone and flint. They are currently interpreted as unpreserved, ephemeral hearths. Several re-fits of stone artefacts from different concentrations show that these working areas were contemporaneous and existed next to one another.</p><br>
<p>Among the lithic artefacts backed points dominate over scrapers and burins. Backed points are interpreted as projectile points that were affixed to arrow shafts using birch tar.</p><br>
<p>The various lithic raw materials that were used for the production of stone tools were acquired locally (tertiary-aged Quartzite, Chalcedony Radiolarite) but also super-regionally, as flint from the Meuse- and southern Ruhr regions, Claystone from the Saar-Nahe Basin and Triassic chert from Saarland-Lorraine area attests to. The acquisition of these raw materials indicates high mobility of the hunter-gatherer groups, since some of these areas are up to 150 km away.</p><br>
<p>Spatial analyses of the various artefact categories and investigations of the lithic inventory resulted in new insights about subsistence strategies of late Palaeolithic hunters. At Niederbieber preparations for the hunt were carried out. Activities included production and maintenance of weapons, but also food preparation and animal product (hides, antler and bone) processing. Most of these activities occurred in the open; however, the spatial arrangement of some of the concentrations suggests that structures (i.e. tents) may have been present.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>The Middle-Rhine valley preserves a unique record of the Central European Upper Palaeolithic. As a result of favourable preservation conditions and a longstanding history of research, many archaeological sites were discovered and analysed. Only through the comparison on a local and regional scale can settlement and land-use strategies of these hunter-gatherer groups be reconstructed.</p><br>
<p>Against the background of other late Palaeolithic sites in the region (e.g. Andernach, Urbar and Kettig), it was possible to propose new models in regards to Federmesser culture settlement dynamics along the Middle Rhine. It could be shown that alongside more ephemeral hunting camps, such as Niederbieber, there were also longer-term camps (e.g. Kettig). The differences in the distribution of lithic artefacts, relative proportion of specific tool types, as well as the presence of burst quartzite boulders (pot boilers) indicates longer-term occupations and different activity spectra.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>BAALES, M. 2002. Der spätpaläolithische Fundplatz Kettig. Untersuchungen zur Siedlungsarchäologie der Federmesser-Gruppen am Mittelrhein. Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 51 (Mainz 2002).</p><br>
<p>BAALES, M. 2005: Archäologie des Eiszeitalters – Frühe Menschen an Mittelrhein und Mosel. Archäologie an Mittelrhein und Mosel 16 (Koblenz 2005).</p><br>
<p>BAALES, M., O. JÖRIS, M. STREET, F. BITTMANN, B. WENIGER and J. WIETHOLD. 2002. Impact of the Late Glacial Eruption of the Laacher See Volcano, Central Rhineland, Germany. Quaternary Research 58, pp. 273–288.</p><br>
<p>BOLUS, M. 1992. Die Siedlungsbefunde des späteiszeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber (Stadt Neuwied). Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 22.</p><br>
<p>GELHAUSEN, F. 2007. Verteilungsmuster ausgewählter Fundkonzentrationen des allerødzeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz) – Grabungen 1996–1999. Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 54, pp. 1–23.</p><br>
<p>GELHAUSEN, F. 2009. Die Fundkonzentrationen der Fläche II des allerødzeitlichen Fundplatzes Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied (Rheinland-Pfalz). Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 56, pp. 1–38.</p><br>
<p>GELHAUSEN, F. 2011a. Siedlungsmuster allerødzeitlicher Federmesser-Gruppen in Niederbieber, Stadt Neuwied. Monographie des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 90 (Mainz 2011).</p><br>
<p>GELHAUSEN, F. 2011b. Subsistence strategies and Settlement systems at the Federmesser-Gruppen Site of Niederbieber (Central Rhineland, Germany). In: S. GAUDZINSKI-WINDHEUSER, O. JÖRIS, M. SENSBURG, M. STREET and E. TURNER (eds.). Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Papers submitted at the session (C58) "Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour". 15th U.I.S.P.P. conference in Lisbon, Portugal, September 2006. Mainz, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.</p><br>
<p>The Great Colonnade at Palmyra was the main colonnaded avenue in the ancient city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert. The colonnade was built in several stages during the second and third century CE and stretched for more than a kilometer . It linked the Temple of Bel, in the southeastern end of the city, to the West Gate and the Funerary Temple in the northwestern part.</p><br>
<p>The colonnade was damaged during the Syrian Civil War, especially when Palmyra was occupied by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from May 2015 to March 2016. However, large parts of it are still intact.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The colonnade consists of three sections that were built separately over the course of the second and third century CE. The western stretch of the colonnade is the oldest and started at the West Gate near the Funerary Temple. The eastern section stretched from the Monumental Arch in the center of the town to the entrance of the Temple of Bel. The middle section was built last to connect the two separate colonnades. It met the western stretch at the Great Tetrapylon, and the eastern stretch at the Monumental Arch.</p><br>
<h3>Western section</h3><br>
<p>The western colonnade was the first section to be built. Inscriptions found on some columns confirm that works started before 158 CE. The straight avenue ran in northwest-southeast direction and stretched for 500 m, the longest of the three sectors. The main avenues width was 11.7 m while the side streets were 7 m in width. The colonnades western terminus, the West Gate, was built in the late second-century CE. The avenue also connected in a right angle to the Transverse Colonnade which stretched to the Damascus Gate in the south.</p><br>
<h3>Eastern section</h3><br>
<p>The eastern sector of the Great Colonnade started at the Monumental Arch and stretched in a northwest-southeast direction towards the propylaea of the Temple of Bel. Work on the colonnade started after the completion of the propylaea in 175 CE and continued through the beginning of the third-century CE. This section is the widest of the Great Colonnade with a uniform width of 22.7 m for the main street and 6.7 m for the sidewalks. A corner of the temenos of the Temple of Nebu was demolished to allow the colonnade an uninterrupted line of sight towards the Monumental Arch from the west and a wider access to the section leading to the Temple of Bel. A nymphaeum was later added to the eastern colonnade between the Bel and Nebu temples.</p><br>
<h3>Middle section</h3><br>
<p>The middle colonnade, stretching from east to west, was constructed to connect the two earlier colonnades. Work on the central avenue began from the Monumental Arch, where it met the eastern colonnade, sometime in the early third-century CE. The section stretched until the Great Tetrapylon where it met the western colonnade in an oval plaza. The central colonnade also incorporated the portico of the baths. The central section of the Great Colonnade became the most important with several civic buildings clustered around it, including the caesareum, the theatre, the baths and the Temple of Nebu. The width of the main street varies from 14 m at the its widest near the tetrapylon, to 10 m when it reaches the Monumental Arch. The sidewalks also vary in width between 6.3 - for the northern sidewalk and 6.8 - for the southern one.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and significance</h2><br>
<p>The colonnade&#39;s early columns, especially in the western stretch, were built using the classical opus emplectum building technique. The columns consisted of six to eight short sections. This technique was gradually replaced, from the 220s, by what historian Marek Barański termed opus Palmyrenum. The newer technique, seen in the middle and eastern stretches of the colonnade, utilized three long segments instead of the short drums. The technique allowed for significantly faster construction at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Corinthian columns were fitted with decorated brackets that bore dedicatory inscriptions. The brackets were used to hold bronze statues of important figures. Dedicatory inscriptions to Zenobia and Odaenathus dating to between 257 and 267 were discovered on columns set up in front of the theatre.</p><br>
<p>Tetrapylon Palmyra in Syria 001.JPGThe Great Tetrapylon linking the west and central sections of the colonnade.</p><br>
<p>Rapps Bridge, also known as Rapps Dam Bridge, is one of fifteen surviving historic wooden covered bridges in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Rapps Bridge is located on Rapps Dam Road in East Pikeland Township. It is a 105 ft, Burr truss bridge, constructed in 1866 by Benjamin F. Hartman. It has fieldstone abutments, horizontal siding and boxed cornices with returns at its portals. It is one of three covered bridges that cross French Creek, the others being Hall&#39;s Bridge and Kennedy Bridge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Rapps Bridge was renovated in 1978 and again in 2011 for approximately 1.5 million dollars. On April 29, 2014, the bridge was heavily damaged when a tractor trailer crossed it. It re-opened in October 2015.</p><br>
<p>Larkin Covered Bridge is a 60 ft, Burr truss wooden covered bridge located in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania near the village of Eagle. The bridge, which originally crossed over Marsh Creek, now spans a dry ditch and is a feature of the Upper Uwchlan Township trail system.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Larkins Bridge was built in 1854 to span Marsh Creek, a tributary of the east branch of the Brandywine Creek, beside Jesse Larkins Gristmill near the village of Milford Mills, 2.5 mi southwest of its current location. The bridge was rebuilt in 1881.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania acquired the Larkin Bridge and relocated it 1 mi to the north prior to the evacuation of Milford Mills and the creation of Marsh Creek Lake in Marsh Creek State Park. The bridge was used as a pedestrian crossing between two day camps in the new state park. Larkin Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, Upper Uwchlan Township acquired the bridge and in 2006 the township government worked with developers (Toll Brothers, Orleans and K. Hovnanian) to dismantle and relocate the bridge. Larkin Covered Bridge was rebuilt on the trail path next to the entrance to the Byers Station housing development on Graphite Mine Road near the village of Eagle.</p><br>
<p>Don i tison  is the southernmost peak of a mountainous ridge west of the Cameroonian city of Bafia. The nearest populated place is Gouife.</p><br>
<p>In the figurative sense Don i Tison means populated peak. This comes probably from the fact that a German military base was located here from March 1911 to September 1912 during the Bafia campaign against surrounded populations.</p><br>
<p>Some ruins from this period still remain. Most spectacular is a surrounding wall made from roughly-cut stone.</p><br>
<p>From November 6, 1914 to December 15, 1914 German ethnologist Günther Tessmann used the place as a base camp during his expedition to the Bafia people.</p><br>
<p>The ascent of the mountain is a part of the biannual Mbam&#39;Art festival.</p><br>
<p>Jinai-tō is a volcanic, deserted island located in the Philippine Sea approximately 220 km south of Tokyo and offshore Niijima, in the northern portion of the Izu archipelago, Japan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is the only visible portion of a submarine volcanic caldera. The above sea-level portion rises to two summits connected by a narrow ridge, with the higher northern summit reaching 76.6 m. Located in the Kuroshio Current, the area has abundant sea life, and is popular with sports fishermen and scuba divers, with soft corals found in abundance off the east coast of the island. Goats, deer and rabbits introduced to the island to provide food for the residents of Niijima from the 1930s have destroyed most of the natural vegetation of the island. Efforts to eradicate the introduced goats was successful by 1981, and deer by 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Warren B. Smith House at 589 E. Main St. in American Fork, Utah, United States, was built in 1897. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Late Victorian</h2><br>
<p>The house is significant as an attractive and representative example "of the modest late-Victorian dwellings to be found in many of Utah&#39;s small towns," and for its association with Warren B. Smith, its builder. Smith was a blacksmith who became a leading citizen in American Fork, including serving on the city council. He spent four years in two full time missions for the LDS church. He supported three wives, and took a fourth wife late in his life, at age 63, in 1907, and spent six months in the Utah Territorial Penitentiary for his violation of the Edmunds-Tucker Act. He led the American Fork choir for thirty years.</p><br>
<p>The Springville Carnegie Library at 175 South Main Street in Springville, Utah, United States is a Prairie School style Carnegie library building completed in 1922. It is one of the 23 Carnegie Libraries that were built in Utah. It functioned as the city public library until 1965, when the library was moved to a new larger building . The 1922 building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It now houses a pioneer relic museum for the Daughters of the Utah Pioneers.</p><br>
<h2>Physical Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places Registration Form describes the building as building that follows the Carnegie Library standards. The building is generally characterized by Prairie style architecture, most notably seen in the tall, vertical windows arranged in a strong horizontal band on both the main and lower levels. However, the main entry is characterized by its classical influences including the rounded top main door capped by a semi-circular pre-cast concrete hood with decorative scroll brackets on both sides.</p><br>
<p>The library is rectangular in shape and one-and-one-half stories in height. The exterior consists of textured bricks and is capped by a horizontal band of stucco decorated in ceramic tile mosaics. This stucco also characterized by a brick soldier course at the top and bottom.</p><br>
<p>Large masonry piers interrupt at all four corners of the building as well as at the main entry. They divide the main facade into three symmetrical parts.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, an imitation mansard roof was added and this greatly altered its appearance. This addition rendered the Springville Carnegie Library ineligible for recognition by the National Register of Historic Places. Since then, the mansard roof was removed, which restored the building to its original appearance. It is now currently eligible.</p><br>
<p>The last modification to the exterior of the building was the replacement of a three-foot-tall brick railing wall at the main entry by a cast-iron railing.</p><br>
<p>The Springville High School Mechanical Arts Building at 443 S. 200 East in Springville, Utah was built in 1929. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>It was an addition to the campus of the Springville High School whose original building had been built in 1909. According to its 1993 NRHP nomination, it is significant historically "as a noteworthy example of the mechanical arts building type that became important to the curriculum of high schools throughout the state during the early Twentieth Century. It is a physical representation in Springville of the Smith-Hughes Act of Congress which was passed in 1917 to establish and foster high school training in the trades, home economics, and vocational agriculture."</p><br>
<p>It was vacant from 1960 to 1986; from 1986 to 1993 it had been used by the city&#39;s arts council.</p><br>
<p>Thurland Castle is a country house in Lancashire, England which has been converted into apartments. Surrounded by a moat, and located in parkland, it was originally a defensive structure, one of a number of castles in the Lune Valley. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. Siuated between the villages of Cantsfield and Tunstall the castle stands on a low mound on a flat plain, with the River Greta on the south side and the Cant beck to the north. A deep circular moat surrounds it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest existing fabric dates from the 14th century, Following Sir Thomas death in 1441, the castle passed on to his son Thomas, and then later to his brother Brian, a hero of the Battle of Flodden in 1513, who was dubbed the "Stainless Knight" by the king and immortalised in the poem Marmion - A Tale of Flodden Field by Sir Walter Scott. Bryans son Marmaduke was High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1544. After two or three further generations of Tunstalls the castle was sold to John Girlington in 1605, and passed to his grandson, Sir John Girlington, a Royalist major-general during the Civil War. The castle was badly damaged by Parliamentarian forces during a siege in 1643, following which it was described as being "ruinous". Sir Johns son, also John, was High Sheriff of Lancashire for 1663.</p><br>
<p>Work was done on the building to convert it to a country house in 1810 by Jeffry Wyattville, and in 1826–29 by George Webster, The owner, Mr North North, commissioned the Lancaster architects Paley and Austin to rebuild it, and what is now present is mainly their work. Work began in 1879, over 100 men were employed, and it was not completed until 1885. The house and stables have since been converted into several luxury apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is constructed in sandstone rubble, with slate roofs. It consists mainly of two ranges on the north and west sides of a courtyard. Its architectural style is a mixture of Elizabethan Revival and Gothic Revival. It is approached by an arched bridge crossing the moat. Its windows are either mullioned or mullioned and transomed, and there are two towers, one of which has two storeys, the other three. Many of the parapets are embattled. Around the building are terraces with bastions.</p><br>
<p>The Arab Baths in Ceuta are medium size medieval baths in what would have been the on the northern edges of the Medina quarter. This is thought to have been occupied since the 11th century. Archaeological investigations in 2000 and 2004 have shown that the baths had one room for clothes and toilets followed by a cold bath and then a hot bath in a style laid down by the Romans. Other rooms may have existed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest occupation on this site in the northern suburbs of Ceuta&#39;s Medina quarter date from the 11th century when remains have been found of a street and domestic construction. It was not until the 12th and 13th century that the two baths were built. Archaeological investigations have shown that the baths had one room for clothes and toilets followed by a cold bath and then a hot bath in a style laid down by the Romans. Some of the barrel vault ceilings have survived by there is evidence that other rooms were constructed but they have since been lost. The building was extended in the 14th century but by the 15th the building was having its stones reused for other projects. It is thought that the arched roofs were once covered in marble.</p><br>
<p>The baths were discovered during building work on the street and they have since been subject to excavations in 2000 and 2004. the remains are open to the public. They appear incongruous on the modern main road in Ceuta.</p><br>
<p>The baths were recognised as a nationally important monument in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Kings House is a Grade II listed building in Slaidburn, Lancashire, now used as a youth hostel. Originally built in the 18th century, although parts of the building date back to the 17th century, as the Black Bull public house. The first mention of the name is believed to be in the Churchwardens accounts for 1764 when there is an entry "Spent of the persons who brought the slate from Ribchester at several times and other meetings of the Churchwardens as appears by the Bill at Black Bull £1 5s 5d". The building remained an inn until 1932 when it was rented to the Youth Hostels Association  and has remained in use as a youth hostel since then.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The building is of stone construction with a render over the stone. The roof and dressings are of sandstone. The frontage buildings have two storeys with the rear extension being a single storey. The south range being slightly higher than the north range. A number of outbuildings form the rear border to the yard, which is itself is paved with setts and contains a block used for re-tyring of wheels.</p><br>
<p>The Virginia & Truckee  Railroad Depot of Carson City, Nevada is a historic railroad station that is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places . It is significant for its association with the economically important role of the V&T railroad historically in Carson City following discovery of the Comstock Lode mine in 1859. To a lesser degree, according to its NRHP nomination, the depot building is also significant architecturally "as a</p><br>
<p>well-preserved example of a wood-frame passenger depot procured from a railroad company pattern book within the V&T&#39;s former sphere of operation."</p><br>
<p>Located on the Southeast corner of the Washington Street intersection with Carson Street, it served the Virginia and Truckee Railroad until 1950, when the railroad shut down.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Reno and Gold Hill Depots still exist, as well as the V&T Freight Depot in Virginia City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The V&T was created in 1869 in between Virginia City, Mound House, and Carson City. It was created to allow massive movement of gold and silver ore from the Comstock Lode to mills along the Carson River. The tracks ran east-west down Washington Street. The V&T&#39;s yards and Engine House were located just east of the depot along Washington Street. There were no guardrails shielding Carson Street. The V&T became quite profitable until the 1920s, when they saw their first shortfall. In 1938, with the mining all but nonexistent, and competition from the newly created United States Highway System, the V&T had to tear up the track from Virginia City to Mound House, which still had a connection with the Carson and Colorado Railroad. The V&T was still leaking money up until her final year in 1950, when Locomotive #27 Ran the final train from Minden, through Carson City, and into Reno.</p><br>
<p>The Great Colonnade at Apamea was the main colonnaded avenue of the ancient city of Apamea in the Orontes River valley in northwestern Syria. It was built in the second century CE after Apameas devastation in the 115 earthquake. The avenue, which runs for nearly 2 km, made up the citys north-south axis, or the cardo maximus. The monumental colonnade is among the longest and most famous in the Roman world.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The original Hellenistic colonnade was devastated, along with the rest of Apamea, in the 115 earthquake. Reconstruction started immediately under the Romans, and over the course of the second century the city was completely rebuilt, starting with the Great Colonnade.</p><br>
<p>The colonnade was aligned along the north-south axis, making up the citys cardo maximus under the Romans. Starting at the citys north gate, the colonnade ran in an uninterrupted straight line for almost 2 km to the south gate. The northern third of the colonnades stretch is marked by a monumental votive column that stood opposite the baths. The southern third, at around 1,500 m, is marked by the intersection with the citys main east-west axis, or the decumanus maximus. Two triple arches were built into the Great Colonnade as part of the intersection. The colonnade was further intersected by side streets at regular intervals of 110 m. The colonnade passed through the center of the city and several important buildings were clustered around it, including the baths, the agora, the Temple of Tyche, the nymphaeum, the rotunda, the atrium church and the basilica.</p><br>
<p>The street within the colonnade was 20.79 m wide and paved with large polygonal limestone blocks. On either side of the street a 6.15 m wide colonnade ran its full length. The columns were 9 m high and 0.9 m in diameter. They stood on square bases of 1.24 m on a side and 0.47 m high. The columns display two main designs: a plain one, and the distinctive spiral-flutes. Archaeologist Jean Lassus argues that the former dates back to the Trajanic period, while the latter to that of Antoninus Pius. The colonnade&#39;s porticoes were paved with extensive mosaics along the full stretch of the colonnade.</p><br>
<p>Under the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I, several parts of the colonnade were restored. The street was narrowed to 12 m by adding a sidewalk on either side. Several stretches of the street had their Roman pavement replaced with a new pavement made of squared blocks of limestone. The new pavement also covered a completely overhauled drainage system. Justinian&#39;s changes included erecting a monumental tetrastylon made up of four 9 m high columns with a meter-high capitals. The city, was however, later sacked by the Sasanians under Adarmahan.</p><br>
<p>Apamea 01.jpgOverview of the colonnade.</p><br>
<p>Piz Polaschin  is a mountain of the Albula Alps, overlooking Silvaplana in the canton of Graubünden. It lies east of Piz Lagrev, on the range south of the Julier Pass. it is known mainly for the Seven day rebellion which is known for killing 420 people and greatly effecting the people that live their to this day</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>Piz Polaschin once had a rebel organised front which attempted to gain independence from Switzerland the group that attempted this was called El frente interno which in September 10th 1971 they attempted to take power in the region which coursed the Swiss government to send a small military force to retake the area.</p><br>
<p>the rebels were quickly stopped after 7 days which the people living in the area call the 7 day rebellion which ended in the death of a large number of the mountains population 420 people died from the rebellion which is a large number compared to the total population of 1337 people that use to live in the area.</p><br>
<p>The area is now only populated with 69 people</p><br>
<p>Springton Manor Farm is a historic farm and national historic district located in Wallace Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The farm has 14 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 5 contributing structures. They include the main house, a cistern , tool shed , privy , spring and milk house , carriage house , small barn , corn crib , bank barn , stone lean-to , the ruins of a stone spring house , and hydraulic dams . The main house is in three sections; the earliest dates about 1836, with additions and modifications made in 1887 and 1912. It is a 2 1/2-story, seven bay by two bay, stuccoed stone dwelling with Georgian and Queen Anne style design details. Originally built by Joseph Muckleduff in the early 1700s. Upon Joseph&#39;s death 9 Sep 1750, Springton Manor was left to his brother Samuel Muckleduff.. It was the home of Congressman Abraham Robinson McIlvaine . The property is administered as a park and agricultural history museum by Chester County.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The San Jorio Pass, located between the Lepontine Alps and the Lugano Prealps at an altitude of 2,012 m above sea level, connects Garzeno in the Italian province of Como with Carena in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It thus offers a route between the shores of Lake Como and the valley of the Ticino river around Bellinzona.</p><br>
<p>Although now only traversed by a track, the pass was of strategic importance in earlier times, as one of the roads that connected the lands of Lombardy and Sopraceneri. In the fifteenth century, the pass was exploited by the Visconti rulers of Milan in conflicts over the ownership of Bellinzona. The renovation of the road is referenced by a document of 1465 sent by the merchants of Como to Duke Francesco Sforza mentioning the carriage of provisions, cattle and iron from the mines in the Morobbia valley. The region was fortified in the early twentieth century and during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>A road leads to the vicinity of the pass on the Italian side, but the Swiss side is served only by walking trails and cycling routes. Near the summit of the pass is a mediaeval church and three refuge huts. On the first Sunday in August, a religious ceremony is held in the church, along with a folk festival on the pass.</p><br>
<p>The West Chapel Hill Historic District is a national historic district in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The district comprises several small neighborhoods and is roughly bounded by West Cameron Avenue, Malette Street, Ransom Street, Pittsboro Street, University Drive and the Westwood Subdivision. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The district encompasses an upper-middle class residential neighborhood that developed during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The growth of the district is related to the development of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the town of Chapel Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Town development</h2><br>
<h3>18th and 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The history of the town of Chapel Hill begins with the birth of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill when local settlers donated 1,386 acres of land to the North Carolina General Assembly to encourage the selection of Chapel Hill to be the location of a university. The university was chartered by the General Assembly on December 11, 1789, and opened its doors for instruction in 1795.</p><br>
<p>In the first part of the nineteenth century, the village grew slowly, but experienced more rapid growth in the 1850s as funding and enrollment of the university expanded. Also, in 1851, Chapel Hill as a town was incorporated; the district was included within the town limits. Until the incorporation of the town and consequently the district, the area west of the university was considered an outlying area. Most residential development occurred around Franklin Street and Rosemary Lane, which were Chapel Hill’s two main streets at the time.</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the 1900s, many new residents came to the town to work and start businesses, and a public school system was established and began operating in 1909. After 1900, the growth of the university resulted in the influx of faculty families, and the residential neighborhoods comprising West Chapel Hill provided dwellings and land to accommodate them. The economic base of Chapel Hill has always been centered on education, and the town’s leading citizens have been professors, many of whom bought and sold land as a hobby. These professors bought, developed and sold land at a profit. Other citizens who had prominent positions in politics, banking and mercantile trades became attracted to the area in the early twentieth century, making the town and specifically the neighborhoods within the West Chapel Hill Historic District home to Chapel Hill’s wealthiest citizens.</p><br>
<h4>Emergence of urban planning philosophies</h4><br>
<p>Communities throughout the United States began to focus on improving currently developing residential suburbs as a result of the City Beautiful Movement, which followed the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair. The movement itself emphasized the positive effect of beautiful city spaces on human behavior. During the 1920s, the neighborhood’s growth was influenced by the movement and is exhibited by the large lawns and other park-like amenities and walkways featured around many of the houses built during this era.</p><br>
<p>The Neighborhood Movement also emerged in the 1920s and was based on the idea that attractive and stimulating neighborhood environments positively affected and shaped human behavior. This philosophy spurned neighborhood planning and resulted in the land along McCauley and Vance Streets being subdivided into smaller and more regularly sized lots than those along West Cameron Avenue.</p><br>
<h4>Great Depression</h4><br>
<p>The Great Depression negatively influenced Chapel Hill’s economy in the form of a reduced university appropriation (25% of its 1928 budget in 1929, 20% of that in 1930, and 22% in 1932). As a result, professors’ salaries were reduced and supplemented their lower income by renting rooms to students. In 1935, the university appropriation was reinstated to 1929 levels, and residential construction improved. The town continued to grow as the university expanded in order to accommodate new businesses, which resulted in increased demand for housing.</p><br>
<p>Between 1933 and 1937, professor and developer W.F. Prouty subdivided lots in the Westwood area. Westwood Drive, which forms a loop beginning and ending at South Columbia Street, was the first street to be developed. In 1950, the town limits expanded for the first time since 1851. The following year, the Westwood area was annexed into the town of Chapel Hill on December 25.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th century and today</h3><br>
<p>The population of Chapel Hill grew from 9,177 people in 1950 to 25,573 people in 1970 (Footnote 13 - Amy&#39;s source eval 1 book). According to the 2010 USA Census, there were 57,233 people in 20,564 households. This population boom was largely due to continued growth of the university, as well as the establishment of Research Triangle Park. Today, the continuous flow of students, faculty and staff into Chapel Hill and their demand for housing near the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus maintains the link between the West Chapel Hill Historic District and the university.</p><br>
<h2>Main Streets</h2><br>
<p>Within the West Chapel Hill Historic District, there are two main streets: Cameron Avenue and McCauley Street. Both streets were named for prominent citizens of Chapel Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Cameron Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Cameron Avenue is a road that runs through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus and divides McCorkle Place and Polk Place. The street was named Cameron Avenue in 1885 in recognition of Paul Carrington Cameron. Previously, the street was referred to as “College Avenue” and was the southern boundary of the university’s campus. After the university closed during Reconstruction on December 1, 1870, Cameron worked to reopen the university in 1875. Cameron lived in Chapel Hill during the mid-nineteenth century and became the richest man in the state due to investments in real estate. Cameron also made a loan to the university to complete the construction of Memorial Hall. In the 1880s, Cameron Avenue was extended west, beyond the campus, and subsequently became a main artery of what is now the West Chapel Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h3>McCauley Street</h3><br>
<p>McCauley Street is a road that runs through a residential neighborhood west of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus. The street is named after David McCauley, who was a prominent merchant and the largest landowner in Chapel Hill by 1875. McCauley was the great-grandson of William and Matthew McCauley, who were original donors of land given to help found the university. McCauley named the street after himself. He also named Vance Street and Ransom Street, both of which are located within the West Chapel Hill Historic District. McCauley named the streets after two of his favorite Democratic politicians, Governor Zebulon Vance and Dr. Edward Ransom, a prominent legislator.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The district consists mainly of residential buildings constructed between 1845 and 1948. The dwellings built within the district exhibit some of the following architectural styles: Colonial Revival, Craftsman Bungalow, Tudor Revival, Queen Anne and Ranch.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>There are 13 historic houses in the West Chapel Hill Historic District as recognized by the NRHP:</p><br>
<p>John O’DanielAddress: 237 McCauley StreetDate Built: 1900Architectural Style: Queen Anne cottage, exhibits transition to Colonial Revival with classical porch</p><br>
<p>Webb House (Caldwell-Mitchell House)Address: 211 McCauley StreetDate Built: 1913Architectural Style: Colonial Revival</p><br>
<p>Dewitt Neville HouseAddress: 311 Patterson PlaceDate Built: 1927Architectural Style: Craftsman Bungalow</p><br>
<p>Chi Psi Fraternity HouseAddress: 321 West Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1930 Architectural Style: Jacobethan Revival</p><br>
<p>United Church of ChristAddress: 211 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1914Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Pool-Harris HouseAddress: 206 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1870Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Mallette-Wilson-Maurice HouseAddress: 215 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1845Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Scott-Smith-Gattis HouseAddress: 400 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1860Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Mason-Lloyd Wiley HouseAddress: 412 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1860Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Pool-Harris Patterson HouseAddress: 403 W. Cameron AvenueDate Built: 1870Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Warriole-Tilley HouseAddress: 113 Mallette StreetDate Built: 1890-1900Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Morris-Gore-Hocutt HouseAddress: 117 Mallette StreetDate Built: 1850Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Sallie Davis-Clyde Eubanks HouseAddress: 129 Mallette StreetDate Built: 1880Architectural Style: Late-Nineteenth Century</p><br>
<p>Michell&#39;s Pass is a mountain pass in the Western Cape province of South Africa which approaches the town of Ceres from the south-west, connecting it to Tulbagh, Worcester and the Breede River Valley. The pass is traversed by the R46 road and the Ceres branch line railway, which was re-opened for use by the Ceres Rail Company and seasonally by Transnet Freight Rail in terms of an agreement between the Ceres Rail Company and Transnet in 2012. From its western entrance near Wolseley the pass ascends 190 m to the summit at an elevation of 490 m, before descending a short distance into Ceres.</p><br>
<p>The road pass was planned by Charles Collier Michell, Surveyor-General of the Cape of Good Hope, for whom it was named. The pass was constructed in 1848 by Andrew Geddes Bain. In 1938, the road was widened and paved.</p><br>
<p>A 10 mi railway branchline from Wolseley through the pass to Ceres was constructed from 1910 and opened to traffic on 20 May 1912. The north portal of a tunnel at the top of the railway pass is situated near the road and railway entrances to the town.</p><br>
<p>The 6 mi extension of the railway line from Ceres to Prince Alfred Hamlet was only opened to traffic seventeen years later, on 10 April 1929.</p><br>
<p>The North Charlotte Historic District is a 155.5 acre national historic district located in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The listing included 282 contributing buildings and four contributing structures. It includes work designed by architect Stuart Warren Cramer; it includes Bungalow/craftsman, Late Victorian, vernacular Victorian, reflecting turn-of-the-century mill-village architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Highland Park Mill No. 3. Other notable buildings include the Mecklenburg Mill , Johnston Mill , Grinnell Manufacturing Company, Hand Pharmacy Building , Lowder Building , the former Highland Inn , Charlotte Fire Department Engine Company No. 9 , and North Charlotte Primary School.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Highland Park Manufacturing Company Mill No. 3 is a historic textile mill complex and national historic district located at 2901 N. Davidson St. in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The district encompasses included five contributing buildings and are the original mill building  and major weaving room addition , Gate House , Dye House , Boiler House , and Waste House . The original mill was designed by Stuart W. Cramer and features a four-story tower capped by fancy corbelling and crenelated parapets.</p><br>
<p>The building is located in the North Charlotte Historic District. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Currently, the building had been converted into an apartment complex named Highland Mill Lofts.</p><br>
<p>The Utah Southern Railroad Depot, located at 225 East State Street in Lehi, Utah was built in c.1873. It has also been known as Oregon Short Line Railroad Depot, as Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad Depot, and as Union Pacific Railroad Depot. All of these names refer to railroad companies that were subsidiaries or acquisitions of the Union Pacific Railroad that used this depot. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Its a plain two-story wooden structure, but as of its NRHP nomination, it was significant as "one of only two remaining depots from the earliest decade of Utahs railroad history. In operation as a depot for 100 years (it closed in 1973), the depot also served as a telegraph office and dancehall."</p><br>
<p>Slwch Tump, also known as Slwch Camp and formerly known as Pen Cevn-y-Gaer, is an Iron Age hillfort close to Brecon in Powys, Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The enclosure is located on a hill composed of sandstones of the St Maughans Formation with an elevation of 807 ft (246 m), about 0.8 miles (1.3 km) east of the confluence of the Rivers Usk and Honddu in the centre of Brecon. The hillfort can be accessed by a public footpath which joins Slwch Lane north of the site and loops around the rampart.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The hillfort is smaller than the one on nearby Pen-y-crug and is irregular but roughly rectangular in shape, measuring about 187 m by 242 m, with a single encircling rampart. Samuel Lewis described it in 1845 as "defended by a double fosse, which is in some places nearly destroyed". Its entrance is on the north-west side, towards Brecon.</p><br>
<p>Today its form is somewhat obscured by hedges and trees. Within the hillfort area there are remains of abandoned quarries for building stone.</p><br>
<h2>St Eluned</h2><br>
<p>A small church stood for some time at Slwch Tump, marking the place where Saint Eluned was supposedly beheaded. Eluned was one of the daughters of the 5th-century King Brychan of Brycheiniog and, as a Christian, she refused a pagan prince&#39;s marriage proposal and fled from him. At Slwch Tump, the local lord permitted her to build herself a cell, where she lived until her spurned suitor found her. As she ran from him, he cut off her head with his sword. A spring of water appeared and her cell became a small church, which remained on the site, latterly in a ruinous state, until 1698. Before the Reformation, the spring was associated with healing and other miracles.</p><br>
<p>Hockley Mill Farm, also known as Mt. Pleasant Mills and Frank Knauer Mill, is a historic home and grist mill located in Warwick Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The farm has three contributing buildings and one contributing structure. They are the miller&#39;s house, -story stone-and-frame grist mill , stone-and-frame bank barn , and the head and tail races. The house is a -story, five-bay, banked fieldstone dwelling with a gable roof. The foundation in the western section was built about 1725 to support a log dwelling. It was expanded with the present eastern section in 1735, and the log section replaced about 1780. A two-story, two-bay annex was built in 1935–40, and expanded in 1965. A shed-roofed addition was built to the north in 1990.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Broadacres is a subdivision in Houston, Texas within the Boulevard Oaks community. It is located north of Bissonnet Street, south of U.S. Route 59, west of the Houston Museum District, and east of other subdivisions of Boulevard Oaks. The neighborhood is known for its large lots, historic preservationism, broad tree canopies, wide streets with medians, and affluence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Broadacres was developed by prominent Houston attorney and banker James A. Baker, Sr. in cooperation with his son, attorney James A. Baker, Jr., in the early 1920s. Baker, Sr. had purchased a 32 acre parcel of property north of Rice University – and close to the burgeoning new Museum District – in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Construction in Broadacres ceased during the Great Depression. James A. Baker, Jr. never lived in Broadacres, because he believed he would be unable to afford a $20,000 (about $ today) down payment for a lot. By the 1930s, Broadacres "collectively displayed its residents as a Houston upper class," according to Rice University architectural historian Stephen Fox.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the family of Gus Sessions Wortham, a local businessman and philanthropist, donated his former house to the University of Houston System for use as the chancellor&#39;s residence. The three-storey house, which sits on 1.82 acre of land, was constructed by oilman Frank Sterling and was the most expensive in the neighborhood upon its completion in 1927. Only the second floor of the residence is reserved for the chancellor; the first and third floors are reserved for artwork and public events.</p><br>
<p>The Broadacres Historic District, which includes 18 contributing buildings at 1300-1506 North Blvd. and 1305-1515 South Blvd., was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It includes works designed by architects Birdsall Briscoe and John F. Staub.</p><br>
<h2>Cityscape</h2><br>
<p>Kate Sayen Kirkland, author of James A. Baker of Houston, 1857-1941, said "Typical of the finest homes being constructed in Houston during the 1920s, the houses in Broadacres represent the eclectic style favored by the country house movement prevalent in that era." Stephen Fox, author of The Country Houses of John F. Staub, said that in the 1920s "the entire neighborhood of Broadacres attained a collective identity that emphasized—through the beauty and decorum of individual houses and their systematic integration into a hierarchical landscape order that moved rhythmically measured sequences from the space of each country house, to its garden, to the space of the community, to the space of the planned garden city— the discernment, authority and what called "radiance" of its residents." Fox said that "t is the extraordinary collective impact that Broadacres&#39;s landscape still exerts that makes it such an instructive example of how elite community was socially constructed in Houston through architecture and landscape architecture during the 1920s."</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Broadacres is within the Houston Independent School District. Zoned schools include Poe Elementary School (located in Boulevard Oaks), Lanier Middle School (located in Neartown), and Lamar High School (located in Upper Kirby).</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Renu Khator (Chancellor of the University of Houston System and President of the University of Houston)</p><br>
<p>William P. Hobby (Lieutenant Governor of Texas)</p><br>
<p>Grey Pond is a 191 ha shallow, brackish lagoon at the eastern end of the main island of Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. Its southern and eastern shores are relatively steep-sided limestone slopes, while its north-eastern corner is separated from Savannah Bay by a belt of sand dunes. The limestone shores are covered by low, scrub vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The site has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International mainly because, between April and September, it is an important nesting and roosting site for least terns. Other wetland birds which breed at the site include white-cheeked pintails, black-necked stilts, snowy plovers and willets. Breeding land birds include restricted-range green-throated caribs and Caribbean elaenias.</p><br>
<p>The Grant County Courthouse in Elbow Lake, Minnesota, United States, is the county seat of Grant County and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This building was opened in 1906, replacing the county&#39;s first courthouse which opened in 1878. The original building had four rooms and a hall on the first level, while the courtroom on the second level was accessed by an outside stairway. One source indicated that trials were held in nearby Douglas County until 1883, though.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, the town of Herman induced the Minnesota Legislature to put a question on the election ballot to move the county seat to Herman. At that time, Elbow Lake was a tiny residential community without railroad access and with little commerce, while Herman had railroad access, several businesses, and a population of several hundred. The election ended up with 439 votes to move the county seat to Herman, versus 369 to keep it in Elbow Lake. This was a total of 808 votes when there were 872 registered voters in the county. Private citizens started building a courthouse in Herman, and when that building was finished, a number of citizens raided the county offices in Elbow Lake and removed all the records to Herman. The election was challenged in court, with Knute Nelson and H. Jenkins representing Elbow Lake and L.W. Collins representing Herman. The investigation revealed that the vote from Erdahl Township had never been counted, Logan Township had turned in more votes than the number of registered voters, and that supporters of Herman had hired workers from Anoka and Minneapolis to work as laborers on the streets and to cast illegitimate votes. There were also six votes from minors and eight votes from men who were not American citizens. On August 19, 1882, the court found in Elbow Lake&#39;s favor. Knute Nelson later went on to become a Congressional representative, the governor of Minnesota, and then a USA Senator.</p><br>
<p>Grant County developed rapidly in the 1890s, and county records and business made it necessary to build a bigger building. A tax levy was started in 1899, and in 1904 the county advertised that it was ready for plans. The firm of Bell & Detweiler was chosen. The Prince Construction Company of Minneapolis agreed to construct the building for $60,202, and began construction in spring 1905. The building was completed in April 1906. County attorney E.J. Scofield moved in on May 21, 1906, and the courthouse was formally dedicated on July 23, 1906.</p><br>
<p>The building has three stories and is designed in a Beaux-Arts architecture style. The towering dome rises 102.5 ft above ground level, with the building measuring 97 by. The Portwing brownstone came from a quarry near Duluth. It has a slate roof, terrazzo floors, pink Tennessee marble wainscoting in the main corridor, and marble borders in other corridors.</p><br>
<p>A suspicious incident happened in July 2005, when three men dressed as Grant County Highway Department workers stole the cornerstone from the building in the early morning. The citizens of Herman were suspected again, even though it had been 123 years since the courthouse was relocated to Elbow Lake. A few days later, the cornerstone turned up at the Grant County Fair in Herman, where fairgoers could pay a $20 donation to get their photo taken with the stolen cornerstone. The money went to the Grant County Historical Society, and the cornerstone was later returned to Elbow Lake.</p><br>
<p>Sandy Island  is a non-existent island that was charted for over a century as being located near the French territory of New Caledonia between the Chesterfield Islands and Nereus Reef in the eastern Coral Sea. The island was included on many maps and nautical charts from as early as the late 19th century. It was removed from French hydrographic charts in 1974. The island gained wide media and public attention in November 2012 when the R/V Southern Surveyor, an Australian surveyor ship, passed through the area and "undiscovered" it. The island was quickly removed from many maps and data sets, including those of the National Geographic Society and Google Maps.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 14–15 September 1774, Captain James Cook charted a "Sandy I." snaking between 19°–20°&thinsp;S latitudes and 163°50–164°15&thinsp;E longitude off the tip of New Caledonia. The associated map, titled "Chart of Discoveries made in the South Pacific Ocean…", was published in 1776. The depiction is part of the existing Grand Terre reef encasing New Caledonia, with coordinates of the area generally true to within 20 miles, despite Cook&#39;s use of dead reckoning.</p><br>
<p>The whaling ship Velocity reported the fictitious island in the year 1876, as was noted on various late-19th-century maps, including an 1881 German map and 1895 British Admiralty chart. After returning from a voyage in the Pacific, the Velocitys master reported two unusual features. The first was a series of "heavy breakers", the second some "Sandy Islets", or Sandy Island. Both then appeared in an Australian maritime directory for 1879. It noted the islets extended north and south "along the meridian 159°&thinsp;57′&thinsp;E" and "between lat 19°&thinsp;7′&thinsp;S and 19°&thinsp;20′&thinsp;S". Until the appearance of "Sandy I." in 1876–79, the nearest charted land or reef was the Chesterfield Islands 100 km westwards on the Bellona Plateau. At the time when the chart was created, it was standard practice for all potential navigation hazards to be listed on such charts as a precaution.</p><br>
<p>Whether the fictitious Sandy Island was intended to be a correction to the position of Cooks islands of the same name is not clear. While at about the same latitudes, Cooks real "Sandy I." was four degrees of longitude—hundreds of miles—further east than the 160°&thinsp;E that became the usual location of the fictitious Sandy Island on later charts and maps that were drafted after the development of the marine chronometer and accurate longitude reckoning.</p><br>
<p>Hydrographic charts later placed the internationally recognized abbreviation "ED" ("existence doubtful") next to Sandy Island, in recognition of subsequent failures to spot the reported island at the expected location. Seafloor mapping in the area by the Australian Hydrographic Service (AHS) determined a minimum depth for the immediate area around and over the island ranging from 1488 to 2353 m below sea level. Due to a lack of appearance of an island or depths indicating a shallow reef, Sandy Island was removed from the official French hydrographic charts by the French Hydrographic Service in 1974 after a flying recognition campaign and by AHS in 1985. The information about the status of the phantom island was passed on to other national hydrographic services around the world, but Sandy Island remained in global coastline and bathymetry compilations used by the scientific community and was still there when the R/V Southern Surveyor sailed toward the Coral Sea in October 2012. The erroneously reported island persisted because it was included in the World Vector Shoreline Database (WVS), a data set originally developed by the USA National Imagery and Mapping Agency (now the National Geospatial‐Intelligence Agency, NGA) during the conversion from physical charts to digital formats, and now used as a standard global coastline data set. Inconsistencies in this data set exist in some of the least explored parts of Earth, due to human digitizing errors and errors in original maps from which the digitizing took place. One of the most commonly used derived products of WVS is the Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Shoreline Geography Database (GSHHG), which is ported with Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software. Although it is now an independent data set, an error in the original WVS data would have been present in this data set.</p><br>
<h3>Pumice sea rafts</h3><br>
<p>The Velocity may have observed pumice sea rafts (masses of floating pumice ejected from an underwater volcano) traversing the Sandy Island area in 1876 and mistakenly recorded them as an island. This explanation is supported by a 2004 study of an eruption of a volcano near Tonga that found that pumice sea rafts associated with that eruption traveled more than 3000 kilometers westward. An analysis of the pumice trajectory revealed that pumice rafts passed within 20 kilometers of the location of Sandy Island, approximately 200 days after the initial eruption. A study of coral migration from Tonga to the Great Barrier Reef found pumice rafts to be the mode of transportation, with a predicted path consistent with the 2004 study. Wind and ocean surface currents in the area may combine to funnel pumice rafts through the area between Fiji and New Caledonia on their way to Australia.</p><br>
<h2>"Undiscovery"</h2><br>
<p>As noted above, French hydrographic Service removed the island on its nautical charts in 1979. Public claims that the island did not exist began in April 2000 by amateur radio enthusiasts on a DX-pedition. They noted that it was shown on some maps, but not on others such as the 1999 Times Atlas of the World, 10th Edition. They found that "the ocean floor actually didn&#39;t ever get shallower than 1,300 meters below the wave base..."</p><br>
<p>The status of the purported island also became the subject of discussion on scientific mailing lists such as GMT-HELP in late November 2012. Some scientists were initially skeptical that such an error could exist, since a signature was present in various global terrain data sets, such as the bathymetric data from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, which reported an elevation of 1 m over the location of Sandy Island. Some data sets derived from satellite imagery indicated that sea surface temperatures were absent in the location, suggesting the presence of land. However, it became apparent that a land mask was applied to these data sets during pre-processing to differentiate between land and water. Since the World Vector Shoreline Database (WVS) has become the standard global coastline data set used by the scientific community, errors that existed in WVS propagated into data sets that use a land mask. Therefore, rather than providing independent evidence for the existence of an island, the appearance of Sandy Island in bathymetry and satellite imagery data sets originated from spurious digitized geometries derived from the WVS database.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Hydrographic Service, a department of the Royal Australian Navy, said that mapping an island as a copyright trap—a practice in cartography to place a fictitious "trap street" on a map for the purpose of trapping potential copyright violators—would not have been standard practice with nautical charts, and that its appearance on many contemporary maps may have simply been (and partly were) due to human error.</p><br>
<p>The island was displayed on the Google Maps Internet mapping service until 26 November 2012, when it was removed. On Google Earths default view the island area is covered by black pixels, but the programs historical imagery feature displays a satellite image of the southern portion taken by DigitalGlobe on 3 March 2009, showing a darkened sea. On 29 November 2012, the National Geographic Society announced that it was officially striking Sandy Island from its maps. "The Geographer" at National Geographic, Juan Valdes, said, "full evidence has finally been presented. Sandy Island has now been officially stricken from all National Geographic map products".</p><br>
<p>Long Pond, also known as Long Salt Pond, is a 23 ha brackish lagoon on the central south-eastern coast of the main island of Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. About 1.2 km long, it is separated from the sea at its eastern end by sand dunes. Its south shore is separated from the sea by a 300 m wide strip of scrub vegetation on limestone. The area to the north and west is residential.</p><br>
<h2>Birds</h2><br>
<p>The site has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International mainly because, between April and September, it is an important nesting and roosting site for least terns, with about 130 breeding pairs recorded in 2007. It is a wintering site for common terns and visited regularly by snowy plovers. Land birds include restricted-range green-throated caribs and Caribbean elaenias.</p><br>
<p>The Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick House is a historic house at 52 Hautboy Hill Road in Cornwall, Connecticut. Built in 1859-60, it is a prominent local example of Italianate architecture, and was built by Union Army General John Sedgwick, one of Connecticut&#39;s leading figures in the American Civil War. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sedgwick House stands in a rural setting in far northeastern Cornwall, on the south side of Hautboy Hill Road at its junction with Hurlburt Place. It is a two story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a center entry and twin chimneys. It has Italianate features applied to a more traditional Federal period structure: the five-bay facade and side gable roof are Federal, while the heavy bracketed front portico is Italianate, as are the other richly detailed trim elements. The house is oriented with its front facing east toward Hurlburt Place, and its west toward an expansive view to the western hills. On that side of the house there is a full-width porch with detailing repeated from the house trim. Under the porch are full-height windows that serve as French doors.</p><br>
<p>John Sedgwick was born in a house standing on this site in 1818, which had been built by his grandfather, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. In 1859 this family homestead burned to the ground. Sedgwick, then already well established in his military career, took leave to oversee construction of its replacement. This house was built, apparently on the foundation of the old house, in 1859-60. The work was done by Cyrus Marsh, a local builder who may also have been responsible for the design of its exterior decorations. Sedgwick was active in many campaigns of the American Civil War, and was killed by a sharpshooter at the 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House; he was the Union Army&#39;s highest-ranking casualty of the war.</p><br>
<p>The Kastelburg is a ruined castle above Waldkirch in the district Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg. It stands on a hill about 100 m above the center of Waldkirch in Breisgau.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kastel castle was built between 1260 and 1270 by the Lords of Schwarzenberg. Like the Schwarzenburg on the opposite side of the valley its purpose was to defend the town Waldkirch and to control the trade route through the Elz valley.</p><br>
<p>The first inhabitant of the castle was Johann I of Schwarzenberg. The Schwarzenbergs died out already in 1345 and the castle was sold to Martin Malterer from Freiburg who fell in 1386 in the Battle of Sempach. In 1429 the castle was passed on to Berthold of Staufen.</p><br>
<p>In the Thirty Years&#39; War the castle was destroyed by troops of the Kaiser on 14 March 1634 so that it did not fall into the hands of the advancing Swedish troops.</p><br>
<p>In recent years attempts have been made to conserve the edificial structure of the ruin that is standing romantically above the historic center of Waldkirch (Action Kastelburg).</p><br>
<p>Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site , also known as the Rinehart Acres, is an archaeological site of the Mississippian culture located south of Clarksville in Montgomery County, Tennessee, on the eastern shore of the Cumberland River. The site was inhabited from approximately 1000 to 1500 CE.</p><br>
<p>The site was a multi-mound complex with two platform mounds and associated cemetery and village areas. Although not a large site, it is important for its informational value because of its preservation. Many other Mississippian mound complexes in Middle Tennessee have been destroyed by urban development and several centuries of European farming methods or have been heavily looted by pothunters. The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 4, 2009. The site is currently part of the "RiverView Mounds Family Fun Farm" and is available for public viewing and tours.</p><br>
<p>Illa Conillera is an island of the north west seaboard of the Spanish island of Ibiza.</p><br>
<p>The island is also known as Conejera or Sa Conillera. The island is 6.1 km west of the town of Sant Antoni de Portmany and is one of the smaller islands of the Balearic archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island has an area of approximately 100 hectare and is an elongated shape running north to south of a distance of 2.1 km. The island is mostly surrounded by deep water with a steep coastal perimeter.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouse</h2><br>
<p>The lighthouse on Illa Conillera was built in 1857. The tower sits above a circular building, the two rooms to the side are extensions added to the main structure in the year 1908. It is at the north west end of the island and the lantern is 85 m above sea level. Under normal condition the light has a range of 18 nmi. The appearance of the light is of a group of four bright flashes every 20 seconds. During the day the lighthouse is seen as an 18 m tall white washed tower.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The land is rocky and arid which supports very little vegetation apart from such shrubs and herbs as Rosemary, Thyme and Rue, which grow in abundance here.</p><br>
<p>The island is also sparsely covered with Mastic, Stunted pines and Juniper (Sabina), many of which the wind has beaten into shrubby forms which dot this harsh landscape with green patches.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>There have been several endemic species recorded as living on the island. There is a type of cicada, who’s monotonous, rattle snake like chirping can be heard all over the island. There is also a sub-species. of the Ibizan wall lizard on the island. It is also home to a colony of the endangered bird of prey called Eleonora&#39;s falcon. The island also has a large population of gulls and cormorant. By far the most numerous inhabitants of the island are the rabbits from which the island gets the name Rabbit Island.</p><br>
<h2>The Hannibal legend</h2><br>
<p>There is a legend attached to the island that claims that the Carthaginian General Hannibal was born on the island. The story is that Hannibal’s father Hamilcar Barca and his wife were aboard a warship and as they passed around the coast of Ibiza they were caught out by a particularly bad storm. Hamilcar ordered his captain to find a safe haven to ride out the storm. The ship sort shelter in an inlet on the south side of the island. Hamilcar’s heavily pregnant wife was taken ashore and the party took shelter in a cave within the cliffs of the island. Within a short time, and at the will of the gods, Tanit and Bes, she gave birth to Hannibal. The cave on the southern side of the island is called sa Casa d&#39;Annibal to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Pirates</h2><br>
<p>Several years ago three skeletons were found on the islands. They were carbon dated to the early part of the sixteenth century and are believed to be the remains of pirates who had been taken to the island for execution. One of the skeletons had a lead bullet lodged in his spine whilst the other two showed signs of other torture. One of the torture victims had been beheaded, but his skull appeared nowhere on the island.</p><br>
<p>Brookland Plantation is a plantation located on Edisto Island, South Carolina along Shingle Creek.</p><br>
<p>Brookland Plantation (often written as Brooklands Plantation) existed on Edisto Island at least by the late 18th century. During that period, Brookland Plantation was the home of Joseph and Martha Jenkins; their graves are located at Brookland Plantation. The current plantation house, however, was built later. The core of the house was built of black cypress, and its side pavilions were added later. Long-gone slave cabins once stood between what are now grand old oak trees.</p><br>
<p>The house was perhaps built between 1800 and 1807, but some, such as architectural historian Samuel G. Stoney, claim that the house was likely built in the 1840s. The exact date of construction has not been determined, but Robert Mills is a suggested architect for the house.</p><br>
<p>Ephriam Mikell Seabrook acquired the land, perhaps by intermarriage to the Seabrook family, by about 1800, and used it as cotton plantation before the Civil War. Ephriams son, Henry Seabrook, inherited the plantation but lost it in a tax sale in 1872 when H.E. Young and James Lowndes bought the then-300 acres for $471. In 1928, Mary P. Bailey bought the house and added a metal roof over the wood shingles. In 1958, Rev. Ralph Wentling bought the plantation and turned it into Brooklands Home for Boys in 1958. The old school bell is mounted in the back garden. In 1968, Dr. and C.C. Wannamaker bought the house, while the Brooklands Home for Boys moved to Orangeburg County off the present U. S. 301 and Interstate 26, where it stayed until its acquisition by the South Carolina Baptist Convention, which merged it into the Connie Maxwell Childrens Home in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Robert Chesnut bought the house from Dr. Wannamaker after a bidding war with another interested buyer, a partnership, for $1.75 million. Pat Barber and Cas Danielowski, who were the members of the partnership, coincidentally had been former clients of Mr. Chesnut and had planned on hiring him to restore the house for them had they bought it. Barber, Danielowski, and Chesnut formed a new partnership to restore the house.</p><br>
<p>Former South Carolina Treasurer Thomas Ravenel purchased the 3,440-square foot house in 2006 because he heard there was an effort to subdivide the 60-acre property, and he wanted to save it.</p><br>
<p>The John Downing Jr. House is a historic house in downtown Middleport, a village located on the banks of the Ohio River in the southeastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Built in 1859, it was the home of prominent Middleport resident John B. Downing. Known to his intimates as "Major" Downing, he worked for much of his life as a pilot for riverboats on the Mississippi River. Notably, his work with the young Samuel Clemens led to a literary appearance years later: writing under the name of "Mark Twain", Clemens portrayed him in the book Life on the Mississippi. One of his two sons, John B. Jr., was the house&#39;s namesake</p><br>
<p>Downing&#39;s house in Middleport is a brick building with a foundation of sandstone, an asphalt roof, and elements of wood and various types of metal. Designed by R.A. Miller and Frederick Crowther, it includes architectural elements that later became known as components of the Colonial Revival style. Two stories tall with an attic in the gables, the house has single-story wings whose flat roofs are enclosed by railings.</p><br>
<p>In 1993, the Downing House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of John Downing. The last Downing to live in the house died in the same year. Ten years later, after approximately five years of restoration, Downing&#39;s residence opened as a bed and breakfast, the Downing House Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>The Mound Cemetery Mound is a Native American mound in central Meigs County, Ohio, United States. Located in the eponymous Mound Cemetery, the mound lies north of the community of Chester in Chester Township.</p><br>
<p>Many burial mounds existed in present-day Meigs County when the area was first settled, but many succumbed to the shovels of curious settlers who hoped to find treasures within. Some of these mounds yielded artifacts such as stone tools, pottery, and skeletons when opened. Other mounds were gradually destroyed by the plows of farmers cultivating their fields for many years. The remains of what may have once been another mound and related earthworks can be found in the near vicinity of Mound Cemetery. Another Adena mound, known as the Reeves Mound, is located in northern Meigs County north of the community of Alfred. Unlike the mound remnants near the cemetery, the Mound Cemetery Mound and the Reeves Mound are listed on the National Register of Historic Places; both were added to the Register in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Pavilion was an inn located in Weehawken, New Jersey during the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Mountain Pavilion was situated atop The Palisades along Hackensack Road, offering panoramic views the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, and Manhattan Island. Fitz-Greene Halleck received inspiration for his poem Fanny, satirizing New York society. when the region was still part of Bergen Township. At the time, Weehawken was home to numerous estates, many of which began as summer retreats for prominent businessmen, among them that of James Gore King and John Stevens. These early families and their homes are recalled in many odonyms seen in the street names in the area, such as Hauxhurst, Clifton, Duer, Brown, Gregory, Ridgely and Bonn. The Pavilion was accessible from ferry to Hoboken and a two-mile carriage trip up the cliffs.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous historical references to the area and the allure garnered, e.g. "....Mountain Pavilion, as it was called, at the top of the Hackensack Road, aka Hackensack Plank Road where Daniel Webster sometimes boarded in the summer-time, “to live in heaven,” as he used to declare. That was quite a fashionable hostelry in its day, and greatly frequented by the wealthy residents of New York, who came there to enjoy the air and the view".</p><br>
<p>The establishment was kept by Colonel Jessup, who according to The Knickerbocker despite being declared incurable by doctors recovered from his lung illness.</p><br>
<p>The Atlas Fountain stands in the grounds of Castle Howard, North Yorkshire, England. It has been designated a Grade I listed building and is now recorded in the National Heritage List for England, maintained by Historic England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlas Fountain and pond dates from 1850. It was exhibited at The Great Exhibition prior to installation.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by William Andrews Nesfield and the sculpted figures were carved in Portland stone by John Thomas who was paid £1183 10s 3d (equivalent to £ in ) for his work. The figures were transported by rail from London to Castle Howard railway station.</p><br>
<p>The tazza, pedestals, shells and basin were made by local craftsmen. The water engineering was completed by James Easton, taking water from a stream in Coneysthorpe and using a steam engine to pump it uphill to the Ray Wood reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was turned on for the first time in October 1853.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was overhauled in 1983 and again by The Earth Stone and Lime in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A large globe of bronze dominates the fountain supported on the shoulders of Atlas. Four recumbent Tritons blow water through shells over Atlas kneeling on a pedestal in the central tazza. Other jets fill the lower scallop shell basins, which overflow into the central basin producing a dramatic cascade of white water.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is fed from the half-million gallon Ray Wood reservoir, to the east of the main house. Gravity feeds water into a chamber beneath the pond basin where pipes direct it to the main outlets in the Triton&#39;s shells.</p><br>
<p>The pond is approximately 27 m in diameter.</p><br>
<p>The Emperor Fountain stands in the grounds of Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, England. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1843 Tsar Nicholas I of Russia informed the Duke that he was likely to visit Chatsworth the following year. In anticipation of this visit, William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire decided to construct the world&#39;s highest fountain, and set Joseph Paxton to work to build it. An eight-acre (32,000 m²) lake, the Emperor Lake, was dug on the moors 350 feet (110 m) above the house to supply the natural water pressure.</p><br>
<p>The work was finished in just six months, early in 1844, and the resulting water jet is on record as reaching a height of 296 feet (90 m). However, the Tsar died in 1855 and never saw the fountain. The fountain was seen by Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, who visited the park on Thursday 22 August 1844.</p><br>
<p>The fountain is situated at the north end of the Canal Pond, which was dug in 1703. The metal jet is surrounded by irregularly placed boulders. To the north are two sandstone sculptures of reclining figures.</p><br>
<p>Due to the limited supply of water, the fountain usually runs on partial power and only reaches half its full height, but occasionally it is switched to maximum flow.</p><br>
<p>The water power found a practical use generating Chatsworth&#39;s electricity from 1893. Gilkes of Kendal installed 3 vortex turbines and a generator in an underground chamber, approximately 400 feet down the hill from the Emperor lake. From 1936 the house was then connected to the mains supply.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 a new turbine was installed, which produces about a third of the electricity the house needs.</p><br>
<p>Grove Plantation is a plantation house on Edisto Island, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area now known as the Grove Plantation was a land grant to Robert Fenwick in 1694. From 1695 until 1825, the property changed hands nine times.</p><br>
<h3>Morris years</h3><br>
<p>In 1825, George Washington Morris (1799–1834), a grandson of Lewis Morris (1726–1798), signer of the Declaration of Independence, who purchased the land and named it Grove Plantation.</p><br>
<p>George Washington Morris, who was born in 1796 at Morrisania, the family estate in Westchester County, New York, married Maria Evans Whaley from Edisto. His parents owned large tracts of land, including a plantation directly across the river from what is now known as Grove Plantation. He built the Grove House about 1828.</p><br>
<p>It is built in the late-Federal-period plantation style and has the unusual feature of polygonal rooms and projecting symmetrical polygonal bays. G.W. Morris died on August 22, 1834, leaving his wife, a son, and three daughters. After his death, his wife, Maria, kept control of the Grove, and later purchased a schooner, with which she transported freight for her neighbors. By 1837, she had not only paid off her husband&#39;s debts, but she also had the house plastered. In 1839, she installed a threshing machine and by 1841, she had a housekeeper and a governess in her employ in addition to her overseer.</p><br>
<p>G. W. Morris son, George Jr., was not a good business manager, and from the time his mother passed the management of the plantation to him until the time of his death in 1857, he built up huge debts. After his death, the plantation was sold to John Berkely Grimball in 1857. John Grimball was married to Margaret Ann (Meta) Morris, G. W. Morris niece, and owned the adjacent plantation, Pinebury. He combined Pinebury and the Grove into one large property and the family moved into the Grove House early in 1858. During the Civil War, the family went to Spartanburg. Both Pinebury and the Grove were sites of military activity and the Grove House was at one time occupied by Confederate troops. Since the Grove was considered abandoned, it was confiscated. On January 24, 1866, J. Berkeley Grimball made application to the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands for restoration of his property. Because he took the amnesty oath of loyalty to the United States, he was able to regain ownership of the Grove and Pinebury.</p><br>
<p>After the war, John Grimball was unable to make his mortgage payments on the Grove. Therefore the land reverted to G. W. Morris&#39; heirs, Josephine M. Porter (1831–1892), the wife of Peter A. Porter (1827–1864), a prominent Colonel from New York who had died during the Civil War and who had previously been married to another southerner, Mary Cabell Breckinridge (1826–1854), and Sabina Ann Morris in 1870.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Morris</h3><br>
<p>After that, the property changed hands numerous times until, it was purchased by Owen Winston in 1929, the President of Brooks Brothers. Winston did a restoration of the house and was most likely the one who had the outbuildings put in.</p><br>
<p>The plantation once again had several owners until Thompson Brown purchased it in 1930. The Brown family used the Grove as a winter vacation residence and hunted waterfowl and deer. R. Carter Henry purchased the Grove in 1964. The Henrys did another extensive renovation on the house. They changed the stairwell in the foyer to an open design. They also put the duck tiles around the fireplace in the conference room. In addition, they did extensive renovations to the outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Henry sold the Grove to A. Leigh Baier in the early 1970s. During the Baier family&#39;s ownership, numerous rice field trunks (water control structures) were rebuilt or replaced and many of the dikes around the rice fields were repaired. Mr. Baier sold the Grove to Margaret B. Hendricks, who owned the plantation until The Nature Conservancy purchased it in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The United States Fish and Wildlife Service purchased the Grove 1992 and designated it as the ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge. The Grove Plantation House is one of only a few antebellum mansions in the ACE Basin area to survive the Civil War. Former owners ensured it would be preserved by placing it on the National Register of Historical Places in 1978. Another extensive renovation was done on the house in 1996 - 1997. Today it houses the offices of the US Fish and Wildlife Service&#39;s ACE Basin National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve/Wildlife Management Area is a state preserve on Edisto Island, South Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Botany Bay Plantation was formed in the 1930s from the merger of the Colonial-era Sea Cloud Plantation and Bleak Hall Plantation. In 1977, it was bequeathed to the state as a wildlife preserve; it was opened to the public in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The preserve includes a number of registered historic sites, including two listed in the National Register of Historic Places: a set of three surviving 1840s outbuildings from Bleak Hall Plantation, and the prehistoric Fig Island shell rings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Sea Cloud Plantation</h3><br>
<p>In 1695, Christopher Hinkley received a grant of 170 acre on Edisto Island. In 1727, the property was acquired by Paul Hamilton Sr. in 1748, by Paul Hamilton Jr. At some time after the Revolutionary War, a 21 acre parcel adjoining the Hamilton property was acquired by Normand McLeod. At some point, the property was acquired by Ephraim Mikell Seabrook; in about 1825, he built a house there. It has been suggested that the name "Sea Cloud Plantation" was bestowed after the marriage of a Seabrook to a McLeod.</p><br>
<h3>Bleak Hall Plantation</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1790s, In about 1805, a mansion was built; in about 1842, John Townsend inherited the property. At some point in the 1840s, he acquired the Sea Cloud Plantation as well.</p><br>
<p>John Townsend was noted as an agriculturist and political leader in 19th century South Carolina. He was one of the states largest planters of Sea Island cotton; his cotton commanded a high price from lace-makers in Belgium and France, and won several prizes, for both its quality and its length. Between 1822 and 1858, Townsend served several terms in the South Carolina General Assembly; in the early 1860s, he was a delegate to the states Secession Convention, and a signer of the Ordinance of Secession, whereby South Carolina withdrew from the United States, part of a chain of events leading to the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In November 1861, Edisto Island was evacuated. During the Civil War, both Union and Confederate forces used the cupola atop the Bleak Hall plantation house as a lookout. This house burned down during or shortly after the war, and a new one was built in a mix of Victorian styles. The war had disrupted property records, and Townsend was only able to establish his ownership of the combined plantations through an appeal to USA president Andrew Johnson.</p><br>
<p>Townsend died at Bleak Hall in 1881. The plantation continued to produce a valuable crop of Sea Island cotton until 1917, when the boll weevil reached Edisto Island. By the early 1920s, production of cotton had ceased, and the plantation was used for farming and timber production.</p><br>
<h3>Botany Bay Plantation</h3><br>
<p>The Bleak Hall and Sea Cloud plantations remained in the Townsend family until 1933, when they were bought by Dr. James Greenway, who combined them to form Botany Bay Plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, hotel and real estate magnate John E. "Jason" Meyer bought Botany Bay. An enthusiastic outdoorsman, Meyer bequeathed the 4,630 acre plantation to the state of South Carolina as a wildlife preserve, but stipulated that should he predecease his wife Margaret, she would retain the use of the property. John Meyer died in 1977; his widow remarried as Margaret Pepper, and remained on the plantation, continuing to manage and improve the property for conservation purposes, until her death in 2007. In 2008, the property was opened to the public under the name "Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve/Wildlife Management Area", managed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources.</p><br>
<h2>Historic preservation</h2><br>
<h3>Bleak Hall outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Three outbuildings from the Bleak Hall Plantation, thought to date from the 1840s, remain on the Botany Bay preserve. In 1973, the buildings were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, for their connection with John Townsend and as surviving examples of the Gothic Revival architecture used on the plantation.</p><br>
<p>One of these buildings is a 1 1/2-story icehouse, built out of wood on a partial basement with tabby walls. The building has a high gable roof oriented north-south; on the east and west sides are high triangular dormers, each with two pointed windows and a small balcony. Three-level wooden spires, topped with pendants, rise from the peaks of the gables and the dormers. The roof is slightly flared at the eaves. Barge boards cut in circular designs decorate the gable eaves; boards decorated with dentils run below the eaves on the east and west sides of the building. The north and south ends both have two doors: one at ground level and one in the gable. Two paneless windows closed by narrow shutters flank each of the lower-level windows. On the east and west sides of the building are mock Gothic doors and windows.</p><br>
<p>Near the icehouse is a small tabby building, thought to have been used as a gardener&#39;s shed and/or a smokehouse. The building has a single door and no windows. The roof is slightly bell-cast, clad with cypress shingles, and topped with a wood finial; a board decorated with large serrated dentils runs around the building below the eaves.</p><br>
<p>A short distance from these two buildings, near the site of the original Bleak Hall house, is another tabby building, thought to have been used as a barn during the Colonial period and subsequently used as an equipment shed. The building&#39;s high gable roof, oriented north-south, is clad in cypress shingles. A wooden spire topped with a pendant rises from each gable end. Barge boards decorated with dentils cover the gable eaves; boards decorated with serrations run below the east and west eaves. There are doors on the north and south sides.</p><br>
<p>Near the icehouse and the gardeners shed/smokehouse are the remnants of John Townsends Japanese garden. When the Perry Expedition returned from the Orient in 1855, they were accompanied by one Oqui, variously described as a "Japanese botanist", a "Japanese gardener", and a Chinese florist and gardener. Learning of this, Townsend travelled to Washington, D.C., and persuaded Oqui to return to South Carolina with him, there to lay out extensive Oriental formal gardens. Remains of the gardens, including some of the exotic plants, survive into the early 21st century.</p><br>
<h3>Other historic sites</h3><br>
<p>Twenty-one registered historic sites lie on Botany Bay Plantation WMA, including the remains of the Sea Cloud plantation house, the chimney of a slave house, and a beehive-shaped brick well originally built to provide water for the Sea Cloud slaves.</p><br>
<p>The Fig Island Shell Rings, with an age estimated at 3000&ndash;5000 years, are on the property; they are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife and habitat</h2><br>
<p>Botany Bay Plantation WMA includes a variety of habitats: 2,500 acre of marine and estuarine wetlands, including 2 mi of beachfront used for nesting by endangered loggerhead sea turtles and least terns; 1,847 acre of upland, consisting chiefly of mixed pine-hardwood forest; and 283 acre of agricultural fields, managed for dove hunting and as food plots for wildlife. A set of dikes creates freshwater and brackish ponds.</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s Old Field Cemetery, also known as Hamlin Cemetery, is a historic cemetery located near Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, South Carolina. It contains graves dating from 1805 to 1916; the majority date from the 1840s and 1850s. The oldest marker is for Arnold Wells who died in 1805. On July 16, 1863, Mary Moore Hamlin set aside one acre of land for the dedicated cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is an excellent example of a mid-19th century plantation cemetery associated with the Hamlin, Hibben, and Leland families and is an excellent example of mid-nineteenth century gravestone art. It is also the last extant resource associated with the Hamlin, Hibben, and Leland families; none of the families&#39; plantation houses survive around Mount Pleasant. The cemetery has 38 marked graves. There are headstones, box tombs, and an obelisk. Two markers commemorating the descendants of those who began a reunion committee in 1949 are located immediately inside the gate. The stones, arranged by family, display weathering and some vandalism but otherwise retain their integrity. Two brick columns mark the location of missing iron gates at the entrance. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 9, 2003.</p><br>
<p>Seven of the ornately carved markers were identified as the work of the family of Charleston stone carver Thomas Walker, who started a family business in 1794 that lasted until 1904. Information about the graves has been cataloged on the free internet site, Find a Grave, which can be accessed here.</p><br>
<p>The Schwarzenburg , historically called Schwarzenberg , is a fortified castle near Waldkirch in the district Emmendingen in the southwest of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical location</h2><br>
<p>Along with the Kastelburg the less known Schwarzenburg is the second castle ruin owned by the town Waldkirch. The ruins of the former hill castle, 656.2 m (2153 ft) above sea level on the top of the Schwarzenberg (Black Mountain), a spur of the Kandel has already decayed to such an extent that only a few foundation walls are visible.</p><br>
<h2>Purpose of the castle foundation</h2><br>
<p>It was probably created as an escape and protection castle, possibly based on power political considerations of the Schwarzenbergs. Such a castle on a vantage point visible from far away in the Rhine Valley was an obvious proof of their status as free noblemen subordinate in rank only to the Kaiser.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership of the castle</h2><br>
<p>In sharp contrast to Waldkirch and the Kastelburg which was founded later the Schwarzburg was no Further Austrian fief, but the personal property of the Schwarzenberg&#39;s until they died out in the mid-15th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Schwarzenburg was built around 1120 by the patrons of the monastery St. Margaret in Waldkirch under Conrad Waldkilcha who after 1120 called himself Conrad of Suarzinberg and thus became the founder of the noble family of Schwarzenberg.</p><br>
<p>With Konrad the male branch of the Conradiner of Waldkirch died out. In 1213 their possessions were transferred to Konrad&#39;s sister Adelheid, wife of Walter I of Eschenbach-Schnabelburg. In 1270 Johann, a descendant of Adelheid who came with his nephew William from Switzerland, took over the rule and called himself Johann I von Schwarzenberg. On 8 August 1300 Johann and Wilhelm von Schwarzenberg granted Waldkirch the town privileges. In 1315 the territory was divided: Johann took over the Kastelburg and Wilhelm remained on the Schwarzenburg.</p><br>
<p>The Schwarzenberg family line died out in 1347 with landlord Ulrich II of Schwarzenberg. He was succeeded by Johann III. of the Kastelberg line. This led to the reunification of the two lines.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Hans Werner von Schwarzenberg in 1459 his son-in-law Heinrich von Rechenberg zu Hohenrechberg inherited the estate and the office of bailiff.</p><br>
<p>1503 Martin von Rechenberg succeeded his late father Henry; in turn he was succeeded in 1540 by his son Hans Ludwig von Rechberg.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Hans Ludwig in 1542 Sebastian von Ehingen acquired the goods. During the wedding ceremony of his daughter in 1559 he was stabbed by his son.</p><br>
<p>Thereupon the rule of Schwarzenberg was transferred to Hans Raphael Reischach as a fief in 1560.</p><br>
<p>1567 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria took over the debt-ridden territory. He ordered to demolish and remove the dilapidated Schwarzenburg castle in 1578. This order was, however, not complied with.</p><br>
<p>An inspection in 1583 by the Further Austrian government agency of Ensisheim led to the findings: Strong decay.</p><br>
<p>In accordance with the report of an annalist of the Margarethenstift Waldkirch of 1590 not much was left of the roof structure and the walls had collapsed. The ruin was eventually used as a quarry.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1975 the castle was consecutively analyzed and restored and since 1980 it is accessible.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, the town Waldkirch attached a sign with the historical data of the castle next to the ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Alfons Zettler, Thomas Zotz: Die Burgen im mittelalterlichen Breisgau, I. Nördlicher Teil: Halbband L-Z (the castles in the medieval Breisgau, I. northern part: half volume L-Z). Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2006, pages 470-496.</p><br>
<p>Andreas Hassis Berner: Die Schwarzenburg bei Waldkirch (the Black castle near Waldkirch), pages 121-147 in: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Stadt Waldkirch (articles on the history of Waldkirch) volume 6, 700 Jahre Stadtrecht Waldkirch 1300 - 2000 (700 years town privileges Waldkirch 1300 - 2000). Published by the City of Waldkirch, July 2000.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Meigs County Courthouse is a local government building in Pomeroy, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1840s in this Ohio River village, it serves as the seat of government for Meigs County, and it is one of Ohio&#39;s oldest courthouses still used for its original purpose.</p><br>
<h2>Historic context</h2><br>
<p>In 1819, Meigs County was separated from Gallia County, and a courthouse and jail were soon built in the community of Chester. This building, known as the Old Meigs County Courthouse, remains in existence; it is the oldest standing courthouse in Ohio. Within twenty years, Chester was in decline and the new riverside village of Pomeroy was growing in prominence; the resulting change of county seat status from Chester to Pomeroy, accomplished in 1841, was later deemed the "one great event" in the county&#39;s history. construction was overseen by County Commissioner John C. Hysell,</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Meigs County paid $5,215 to build the courthouse — $15 to buy the blueprints for the Scioto County Courthouse, and $5,200 for construction of a building virtually identical to the one in Scioto County. The three-story courthouse is a Greek Revival structure featuring elements such as a pedimented entrance with Doric columns, decorative pilasters, a bracketed cornice, and a circular central tower with a dome and windowed cupola. It is primarily built of brick, although carven stone trim frames the arched windows. Because downtown Pomeroy lies on a narrow strip of land between the Ohio River and steep cliffs, the courthouse was built against the cliffs. By 1877, insufficient interior space forced the construction of wings along the hillside to house additional offices, along with spiral staircases, the columns, and the Italianate-influenced cornice on the tower. In order to permit fuller use of the existing portions of the building, workers excavated the street to the same level as the basement. Existing hilly land around the wings permitted the construction of at-grade entrances to all three floors of the courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Due in part to Pomeroys economic stagnation in the twentieth century, new construction in the downtown has been virtually nonexistent for several decades; consequently, the business district is almost identical to its nineteenth-century appearance. One of the more recent construction projects around the courthouse involved the placement of a Civil War memorial statue on the courthouse lawn in 1870; it bears more than five hundred names of the countys war dead. Most of the other downtown buildings are Italianate structures from the second half of the century, making the courthouse&#39;s earlier architecture stand out from its surroundings; observers across the Ohio River in Mason, West Virginia can easily see the courthouse as it sits at the northern end of Court Street. Because of its unusually good degree of preservation, much of the downtown was declared a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Known as the Pomeroy Historic District, this portion of the downtown centers on the courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Meigs County Courthouse remains in use by governmental bodies, such as the common pleas court and lesser courts. It is one of the state&#39;s oldest courthouses still used as a courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Illa de s&#39;Espartar is a small uninhabited island of the north west seaboard of the Spanish island of Ibiza. It is within the municipality of Sant Josep de sa Talaia. The island is 8.4 km west of the town of Sant Antoni de Portmany and is one of the smaller islands of the Balearic archipelago.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Fauna and Flora</h3><br>
<p>The land is rocky and arid which supports 131 species including some endemic rare shrubs. This includes a very rare flowering alfalfa plant, alfalfa arborea. It is a member of the pea family and is on the red list of threatened species. Other vegetation includes such shrubs and herbs as rosemary, thyme and rue, which grow in abundance here. The fauna of the island includes an abundance of rabbits. There is also a sub-species of the Ibizan wall lizard on the island. It is also home to a colony of the endangered bird of prey Eleonora&#39;s falcon. There are also endemic beetles and snails. Birds include red-billed gulls and cormorants. There is also the largest colony in the western Mediterranean of the European storm petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus).</p><br>
<p>The Tyronza Water Tower is a historic elevated steel water tower located in Tyronza, Arkansas. It was built in 1935 by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company in conjunction with the Public Works Administration as part of a project to improve the local water supply. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, as part of a multiple-property listing that included numerous other New Deal-era projects throughout Arkansas. The Tyronza Water Tower is considered an excellent representation of 1930s-era waterworks construction.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a new, 200,000-gallon steel water tower was built next to the 1935 tower, in conjunction with other water system improvements in the area. The old tower is still in use, however.</p><br>
<p>The historic Cabarrus County Courthouse, on Union St., S., in Concord, North Carolina, was completed in 1876, replacing one that was destroyed by fire just the previous year. It was designed by architect G.S.H. Appleget. It includes Second Empire, Italianate, Classical Revival, and other architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The courthouse is now the home of the Cabarrus County Veterans Museum. It is located in the South Union Street Courthouse and Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Cabarrus County has constructed four courthouses since the creation of the county in 1792. The records show that the first court held for the county of Cabarrus was at the house of Robert Russell located on the Salisbury Road on the third Monday of January, 1793. In 1795 commissioners were named to build the first courthouse; it was very small, only thirty feet square, poorly lit and ventilated and inadequately heated. It was built at the center of the square which was the intersection of Union and Corban Streets; this structure was used for thirty years until a new courthouse was constructed in 1826.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War monument</h2><br>
<p>A Confederate soldiers monument was dedicated May 5, 1892, by the Ladies&#39; Memorial Association of Concord. Constructed of marble the eight sections weigh twenty-five thousand pounds with a sphere on top. The monument was placed in front of the courthouse where it remains and each year the Confederate Memorial Day is observed with a history of adorning the 16 foot monument with flowers and flags.</p><br>
<p>The Monroe Water Tower is a historic water tower built in 1889 in Monroe, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The first settlers came to Monroe in the 1830s. The community grew, adding a sawmill and other small industries. The railroad came in 1858, and Monroe incorporated as a village the same year. In 1870 a fire department was organized - a major public service - but its source of water wasn&#39;t much better than a bucket brigade. In 1888 the Monroe Electric Light Company began providing electricity to homes and street lights. In the same year, the Wisconsin Telephone Company began offering limited telephone service.</p><br>
<p>In May of 1889, W.H. Wheeler of Beloit offered to drill a well and build a "water works" for Monroe. The city council approved the project, agreeing to fund it if Wheeler would operate the system. Work commenced, but after some snags, Wheeler took on the citys responsibilities in exchange for a 20-year franchise to operate the water system. The project accelerated and by the end of 1889, the well was drilled, the water tower was up, and water lines were laid. A successful test was conducted on New Years Day of 1890.</p><br>
<p>The tower was built much as it appears today. From a limestone foundation, cream brick walls rise 80 feet, forming a cylinder 28 feet across. On top of the brick walls sits a steel tank which holds 100,000 gallons of water; originally it was a wooden tank of the same capacity. The current tank is capped with a steel cone. The walls are interrupted by four porthole openings halfway up and four more just below the top of the brick. A doorway at the bottom leads inside, where a wooden staircase climbs around an inner cylinder of brick, which sheaths the pipe rising from the well and provides additional support for the tank above. Another doorway at the top of the tower opens to a metal staircase outside of the tower which leads to a catwalk around the metal tank.</p><br>
<p>Though a water tower now seems the obvious solution for a small town, different ideas were competing in 1889, and Wheeler had to defend his design. He said the elevated tank was better than pumps alone because it would reliably provide high pressure if needed to extinguish a fire. The elevated tank was better than a standpipe because Monroe didn&#39;t have a high hill to place it on, and if a standpipe was drawn down, water pressure would drop. The wooden tank, he said, would be more reliable than metal, and would better protect the water from freezing. (Costs may have played a role in his preferences too.)</p><br>
<p>The community seemed happy with the system. The Monroe Sentinel pointed out the "efficient fire protection," which would reduce insurance rates and raise property values. In homes, people had convenient water, and clean.</p><br>
<p>Wheeler initially operated the water works, but by 1898 he asked the city to take it over. In 1906 the city did buy it, for $85,000. In 1914 the wooden tank needed replacement, and the city replaced it with the current steel tank built by the Des Moines Bridge and Iron Company. That tank served the community until 1993. Then the city considered demolishing the tower, but the Monroe Historical Society worked for its preservation. The tower is considered eligible for the NRHP for two criteria: it is a good example of small-town water tower construction in the late 19th century, and it symbolizes a turning point when Monroe&#39;s government began providing major public services.</p><br>
<p>The Greek Revival-style Miller-Brewer House  near Rochester, Washington State was one of the state&#39;s few surviving box frame style houses from the territorial settlement era . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It was destroyed by fire on Aug. 22, 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Historic importance</h2><br>
<p>The Miller-Brewer House, on the National Register of Historic Places, was built in or around 1860 in the area of Rochester, Washington State. The house was historically significant for its box frame (vertical plank) construction, a construction method in use only during the very early settlement period, from 1855 to about 1875. It was one of Washington’s very few remaining examples of this construction method, and one of the most intact and best-constructed examples up until its destruction. It was also noteworthy for still being on its original site. Many similarly-historic houses have been relocated from their original sites.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The house was a combination of local Indian and Anglo-American construction techniques. Construction elements discussed are all of primary historical significance. Split cedar (Thuja plicata, Western red-cedar) logs on fieldstone and undressed Tenino quarry stone supported hewn-log cedar girders and split-log cedar floor joists. The girders were 11"x11" hand-hewn, with adze marks on all sides. The tops were notched for the floor joists. The floor joist logs were charred prior to splitting, a local Indian wood-preserving construction technique. Second-story floor joists were rough-sawn 2"x8" cedar. The frame was made from milled cedar lumber using square nails. The walls were formed from vertical rough-sawn 1"x12" cedar planks planed smooth on the edges to allow a tight seam. Two layers allowed the seams between planks in one layer to be covered by the planks in the other layer. Two-ply walls also allowed sufficient structural strength for two stories and gave much better weather insulation than one-ply box frame construction. Upper and lower girders held the vertical planks in position. Exterior siding was high quality, quarter-sawn, 1/2"x6" horizontal cedar lap siding with tight-edge grain and a 5 3/4" exposure attached with square iron nails. Rough-sawn corner boards were used on all building corners.</p><br>
<p>Windows were all of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Larger windows were double-pane, but the box frame construction did not allow for wall pockets for sash weights. Windows had to be propped open with a stick. Upper story windows were fixed sash. Interior and exterior window surrounds were all rough-sawn cedar. Window sills were cedar. Attic rafters were rough-sawn 2"x6" cedar. Roof shakes were 3 ft-long straight-split cedar. Remnant shakes remained in the attic space, but the roof was replaced with metal in 1993 by Stan Craig Enterprises. Interior and exterior door surrounds were all 1"x5" rough-sawn cedar. Hinges and most interior locksets were original.</p><br>
<p>Interior walls were covered with felt slip sheets and wallpaper. Floorboards were circular-sawn tongue-and-groove, attached directly to the floor joists. The stairway consisted of wedge-shaped cedar treads with closed risers in a tight 180-degree turn with no handrails. The back-to-back fireplaces were made of Tenino sandstone mantels with fire brick fireboxes and wood surrounds.</p><br>
<p>While the house had front and back porches originally, the current porches were not the original ones.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that the house sat on was first claimed by DF Byles under the Donation Land Claim Act. The builders of the house, George and Marita Miller, purchased the land in the late 1850s, as well as filing their own claim under the Donation Land Claim Act. They probably lived in a log cabin while proving-up the land claim and building the house. It is likely they also hired local Indians as construction workers for the house. The Millers grazed cattle and sheep, tended an orchard and a vegetable garden, and raised various crops. George Miller served as a county commissioner and in the territorial legislature while living in the house.</p><br>
<p>Reece Brewer crossed the Oregon Trail in 1853 as a teenager with his widowed mother and various older siblings and their spouses, settling first near present-day Junction City, Oregon. Reece and his first wife Eliza Johnston, along with two of Reece’s older brothers and their families, moved north to the Grand Mound, Washington area in 1860. Eliza (Johnston) died in 1870 and is buried in the nearby Grand Mound Cemetery. The Millers moved to Centralia, Washington in 1873 and sold the house and land to Reece Brewer, a family friend of the Millers from Oregon, and now a widower with four children (James, John, Martha and Ella). Reece ran cattle and kept an apiary on the land. In 1875, he remarried, to Flora French, who had two children, Effie and Fred, before dying in 1878.</p><br>
<p>Reece Brewer, like his friend George Miller, served as a county commissioner (three terms) and in the territorial legislature. Reece was chairman of the county commission when the Thurston County Courthouse was built in 1891. Reece and his daughter Ella, from his first marriage, ran the local post office out of the house from 1884 to 1888. Reece remarried a third time in 1890, to a second Eliza (James Stocking), a widow with grown children. At this time the residents of the house consisted of Reece, Eliza the third wife, and Flora’s children Effie and Fred.</p><br>
<p>Effie, the second youngest Brewer child, married Frank “Tib” Milss in 1897 and moved to Grand Mound. The youngest Brewer child, Fred, married Gertrude Morris in 1900. Reece split the house into a duplex and the newlyweds Fred and Gertrude moved into the house. The kitchen/dining room was shared. Separate staircases led to the second story. The east apartment contained two large rooms downstairs, while the west apartment contained one room downstairs. Each side had its own fireplace, built back-to-back with a shared chimney.</p><br>
<p>Fred and Gertrude moved to Grand Mound in 1903. In 1906, Eliza the third wife died, and Effie and Tib moved into the house with Reece. Effie and Tib took over the farm duties, cared for Reece until his death in 1909, and took in the children of Ella, Effie’s older half sister, on Ella’s death. A cold room was built in the 1910-20s, attached to the northeast corner of the house. Some time in the 1930-50s, the family built a barn and milk shed for dairy cows. These additions are not considered historic.</p><br>
<p>Tib Milss died some time in the 1930s, and Fred Brewer moved back into the house, bringing a flock of sheep with him. There is no mention of Fred’s wife Gertrude or their two children. Effie died in 1963, and Fred arranged to sell the house and surrounding acreage of Garry oak woodland and glacial outwash prairie to the Washington State Game Department (now the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife). Fred died in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the Game Department converted the house to office space. One of the two staircases from the duplex conversion was filled in, and the 19th century wallpaper was covered with sheetrock. Under the sheetrock, the wallpaper had been well preserved and was considered of primary historical importance due to the rarity of intact wallpaper from this period. The cedar shake roof was replaced with metal to preserve the interior from rain damage.</p><br>
<p>The Miller Brewer House was destroyed in a 485-acre wildfire on August 22, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Tonque  is a large abandoned Pre-Columbian pueblo in Sandoval County, New Mexico, United States, about 7 miles / 12 km southeast of San Felipe Pueblo. It was a site of significant ceramic industry, and may have provided up to one-third of the glaze decorated pottery used in contemporary pueblos in the middle Rio Grande valley.</p><br>
<h2>Pueblo complex</h2><br>
<p>Tonque pueblo (LA240), now a severely eroded ruin, was constructed of adobe and may never have exceeded a single storey. It comprised between 1500 and 2000 rooms arranged in an E, with three parallel arms running approximately east-west, of about 120 to 280 metres length and of 4 to 10 rooms width, and with a continuous block of rooms, now mostly destroyed, along the west side.</p><br>
<p>The pueblo is sited on the north edge of Tonque arroyo, a normally dry tributary to the Rio Grande, while a spring occurs on the south side. There is evidence that the arroyo floor downstream (west) of the pueblo was cultivated, probably with maize and beans, which may have been largely dependent on seasonal flooding.</p><br>
<p>Numerous petroglyphs can be found in the vicinity of Tonque.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence suggests that the site was first occupied from the early 14th century, and was active until the middle of the 16th century. Tonque is not mentioned in Spanish records by that name, but may be one of two unnamed pueblos visited by Gaspar Castano de Sosa in 1591. Onate also did not list it in 1598, but it may have been El Tuerte in his record. Alphonse Bandelier stated in 1892 that it was a Tano village known as Tunque, El-Tunque, Tungee or Tun-ge. The word ‘’tung’’, however is Tewan for basket or tray, which implies that it was known as the Pueblo of Basket Makers.</p><br>
<p>The reasons for abandonment are uncertain. Dendrochronology (Tree-ring dating) at sites in the region indicates that a severe drought occurred in the late 16th century. Various other Pueblo legends relate to general unrest at that time. De Sosa’s journal entry recounts that the two pueblos he visited had been abandoned “only days before,” with evidence of many deaths, and that natives in his party told him that the abandonment was the result of war with other tribes. Evidence from excavation at Tonque suggests that it was already in decline by that time.</p><br>
<h2>Ceramics industry</h2><br>
<p>The arroyo banks provide clay of very high quality, and mica-like materials for tempering are also found nearby. Lead ore and associated minerals for glaze paint can be found in the nearby Ortiz Mountains. The fired clay of Tonque is of cream to light orange color with a crystal tuff tempering.</p><br>
<p>Tonque became a major producer of glaze-on-yellow pottery, of excellent craftsmanship, color and design, between AD 1350 and 1450. Dating is based on variations in the glaze and pattern, referred to by archaeologists as Glaze Periods A through C for wares at Tonque. The presence of Glaze Period F sherds suggests a possible reoccupation in the late seventeenth century, but no artefacts have been found datable to the period between the late 16th and middle 17th.</p><br>
<p>Collections of Tonque pottery owned by the Albuquerque Archaeological Society are housed at the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>20th century</h2><br>
<p>During development of coal mining at Hagan about 4.5 miles / 7.5 km southeast of the pueblo, a brick factory, Tonque Brick and Tile Company, was constructed in 1912 at the south-western corner of the ruins, making use of the clay deposits. An archaeological dig was conducted in 1914 by Nels C. Nelson, who dug 266 rooms on the western side, much of which was later obliterated by the brick making operations. In 1933 The Archaeological Society of Albuquerque High School dug the only known kiva. Amateur archaeologists reported digging 144 rooms in 1969.</p><br>
<p>A railroad was constructed in 1924 to serve Hagan and passed just north of the ruins, serving also the brick factory. When the mines played out, the railroad ceased operations in 1933 and was removed. Unpaved Indian Service Road 844/Madera Road now follows the old trackbed. The brick factory closed in 1942, and little more than the foundations now remain.</p><br>
<p>The ruins are now on property owned by San Felipe Pueblo and not usually open to the public, except by occasional organized tours.</p><br>
